On February 18, 2021, NASA successfully landed the Perseverance rover on Mars after traveling about 471 million kilometers from Earth. As it entered the Martian atmosphere at nearly 20,000 km/h, a powerful heat shield protected it from extreme heat. A supersonic parachute then deployed to slow it down. What followed was the intense “Seven Minutes of Terror.” Perseverance separated from the parachute, fired its rockets, and was carefully lowered to the surface using the sky crane system. Once the

This is not an ordinary rock on Mars. What appears simple at first glance is actually the result of billions of years of geological evolution. The layered textures and uneven surface were shaped by powerful Martian winds, temperature extremes, and long-term erosion. Such formations preserve clues about Mars’ ancient environment, revealing how the planet once interacted with its atmosphere and surface processes. Each rock acts like a natural archive, recording the Red Planet’s climatic and geolog