Scientists have uncovered a surprising new way that urea—an essential building block for life—could have formed on the early Earth. Instead of requiring high temperatures or complex catalysts, this ...

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a key molecule which upon hydrolysis provides energy to facilitate a variety of cellular processes that are essential for life. The cell utilizes the energy of ATP ...

Metabolic processes are chemical reactions and these often involve generation of heat. Living organisms, however, do not follow all the laws of thermodynamics. Organisms are open systems that exchange ...