Measuring infant pain is complicated by their inability to describe the experience. While nociceptive brain activity, reflex withdrawal and facial grimacing have been characterised, the relationship ...

The nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) constitutes a fundamental protective mechanism whereby noxious stimuli evoke a rapid spinally mediated flexion response to remove a limb from harm. This reflex ...

You may have noticed your baby being startled or reacting suddenly when you're trying to put them down to sleep. This is the Moro reflex, one of several normal reflexes that healthy babies are born ...