In-circuit test (ICT) systems have been the leaders in using electrical means to look for structural defects in PCBs. They employ bed-of-nails fixtures to provide electrical access to as many as 7000 ...

Printed-circuit-board quality challenges extend from design through production test and inspection and on to field diagnostics. Meny Gantz, VP of marketing for Orbotech’s PCB division, cited some key ...

Printed-circuit boards used to be works of art, and the PCB designer was an artist as well as a technician. Components had many different shapes, sizes, and colors, and the traces connecting them were ...